Application of PCA-TOPSIS Method to Optimization of Processing Parameters in Wire Arc Additive Manufacturing of Stainless Steel
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摘要: 为了提高不锈钢电弧增材工艺的增材效率,利用308不锈钢丝材在304不锈钢基体上进行电弧增材。利用正交试验法设计工艺参数,运用光学显微镜分析增材组织的形貌,通过显微硬度计测试增材组织的显微硬度分布。依据熔覆层的熔池尺寸,采用PCA-TOPSIS法作为评价方法。以熔宽、余高最大,熔深最小为优化目标,通过MATLAB计算得出最佳工艺参数为电弧电流I = 200 A,焊接速度Vs = 42 cm/min,送丝速度Vf = 180 cm/min。结果表明,该工艺参数下的熔覆层与基体呈现良好的冶金结合,无气孔和裂纹等缺陷。
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关键词:
- 电弧增材 /
- 增材效率 /
- 工艺参数 /
- PCA-TOPSIS法
Abstract: In order to improve the additive efficiency of the stainless steel fabricated by the wire arc additive manufacturing, the 308 stainless steel wire was used to conduct the arc additive on the 304 stainless steel matrix.The processing parameters were designed by using the orthogonal test, the microstructure of the additive tissue was analyzed by using optical microscope, and the microhardness distribution of the additive tissue was tested by microhardness tester. The PCA-TOPSIS(Principal Component Analysis-Technique for Order Preference by Similarity to an Ideal Solution)method was used to evaluate the melting size of cladding. For the optimization objectives of melting width, maximum melting height and minimum melting depth, the optimal processing parameters were obtained thatthe arc current I was 200 A, welding speed Vs was 42 cm/min, and wire feeding speed Vf was 180 cm/min via Matlab.Under the processing parameters, the cladding layer shows the good metallurgical bonding with the matrix, and there are no defects such as pores and cracks. -
表 1 基材和丝材的化学成分
元素 基材304不锈钢 焊丝308不锈钢 C ≤0.08 ≤0.08 Mn ≤2.00 ≤2.00 P ≤0.045 ≤0.045 S ≤0.03 ≤0.03 Si ≤1.0 ≤0.75 Cr 18.0 ~ 20.0 19.0 ~ 21.0 Ni 8.0 ~ 10.5 10.0 ~ 12.0 表 2 电弧增材工艺参数
等级 因素 焊接电流I/A 焊接速度
Vs /(cm·min−1)送丝速度
Vf /(cm·min−1)1 180 14 130 2 190 28 180 3 200 42 230 表 3 正交试验方案
序号 因素水平 I Vs Vf 1 1 1 1 2 1 2 2 3 1 3 3 4 2 1 2 5 2 2 3 6 2 3 1 7 3 1 3 8 3 2 1 9 3 3 2 表 4 正交试验设计及结果
序号 I/A Vs /(cm·min−1) Vf /(cm·min−1) B/mm H/mm h/mm 1 180 14 130 8.53 1.64 1.88 2 180 28 180 4.06 1.29 1.18 3 180 42 230 5.29 0.75 1.10 4 190 14 180 8.50 1.65 3.13 5 190 28 230 5.98 1.11 0.91 6 190 42 130 5.34 0.19 1.15 7 200 14 230 10.88 1.28 2.71 8 200 28 130 7.19 1.06 0.95 9 200 42 180 5.45 1.26 0.4 表 5 正交试验的数据分析
参数 B/mm H/mm h/mm k1 k2 k3 r k1 k2 k3 r k1 k2 k3 r I/A 33.9 33.1 39.2 6.2 6.2 4.9 6.0 1.2 6.9 8.7 6.8 1.9 Vs/(cm·min−1) 46.5 32.8 26.8 19.7 7.6 5.8 3.7 3.9 12.9 5.1 4.4 8.5 Vf/(cm·min−1) 35.1 34.1 36.9 2.8 4.8 7.0 5.2 2.2 6.6 7.9 7.9 1.2 表 6 主成分对应的贡献率
主成分 贡献率 熔宽B 0.02 余高H 0.2 熔深h 0.72 表 7 决策矩阵
序号 B/mm H/mm h/mm 1 0.008 0.09 0.115 2 0.004 0.07 0.180 3 0.005 0.04 0.194 4 0.008 0.09 0.065 5 0.006 0.06 0.238 6 0.005 0.01 0.187 7 0.010 0.07 0.079 8 0.007 0.06 0.223 9 0.005 0.07 0.533 表 8 熔池尺寸的相对接近度
序号 ${D^ - } $ ${D^ + } $ ${C^ + } $ 1 0.095 0.418 0.18 2 0.130 0.353 0.27 3 0.133 0.342 0.28 4 0.080 0.468 0.15 5 0.180 0.297 0.38 6 0.122 0.355 0.26 7 0.062 0.454 0.12 8 0.166 0.311 0.35 9 0.472 0.021 0.96 -
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