制造过程中的广义碳排放计量方法研究

刘朝晖; 张为民; 金希; JürgenFleischer; 肖忠跃; 孙嘉彬

doi:10.13433/j.cnki.1003-8728.20180219

制造过程中的广义碳排放计量方法研究

doi: 10.13433/j.cnki.1003-8728.20180219

刘朝晖^1,2,,
张为民^1,3, ,,
金希^1,3,
JürgenFleischer^3,4,
肖忠跃^1,2,
孙嘉彬^1,3

1.
同济大学机械与能源工程学院, 上海, 201804
2.
井冈山大学机电工程学院, 江西吉安, 343009
3.
同济大学AMTC, 上海, 201804
4.
卡尔斯鲁厄理工大学生产技术研究所, 卡尔斯鲁厄 76131, 德国

基金项目:

科技重大专项项目 2012ZX04005031

科技部中德政府间合作重点专项项目 2017YFE0101400

详细信息

作者简介:
刘朝晖(1979-), 博士研究生, 研究方向为机械制造、绿色制造, jgsucad@126.com

通讯作者:
张为民, 教授, 博士生导师, iamt@tongji.edu.cn

中图分类号: TG502;X322
计量
- 文章访问数: 414
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- PDF下载量: 165
- 被引次数: 0
出版历程
- 收稿日期: 2018-06-04
- 刊出日期: 2019-04-05

Accounting Method of Extended Carbon Emissions in Manufacturing Process

Liu Zhaohui^{1,2
,},
Zhang Weimin^{1,3
, ,},
Jin Xi^1,3,
Jürgen Fleischer^3,4,
Xiao Zhongyue^1,2,
Sun Jiabin^1,3

1.
School of Mechanical and Energy Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai 201804, China
2.
School of Mechanical Engineering, Jinggangshan University, Jiangxi Ji'an 343009, China
3.
Advanced Manufacturing Technology Center(AMTC), Tongji University, Shanghai 201804, China
4.
WBK Institute of Production Science, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Karlsruhe 76131, Germany

摘要

摘要: 本文拟在综合广义火用计量和传统碳排放方法的基础上，构建广义碳排放计量模型，将其应用于制造系统的环境效益评价中，其值由要素消耗量与相应广义排放因子乘积后累加得到。首先，通过人均基本碳排放量、人口总量、年工作时数、工资总量及广义货币M₂等，构建模型并求解得到劳动力和资本的广义碳排放因子。其次，基于物料、能源、产品和废弃物等的碳排放因子得到相应广义碳排放因子，实现制造系统全要素的广义碳排放因子建模。最后，通过监测所有要素的消耗量，由消耗量与广义碳排放因子乘积累加得到制造系统的广义碳排放值。板材切割加工工艺案例表明，广义碳排放计量方法实现了对制造要素统一计量，有利于避免对劳动密集型和资本密集型制造业的环境效益最优的误判，可作为可持续制造的判断依据。
- 碳排放 /
- 劳动力 /
- 资本 /
- 广义 /
- 计量
Abstract: An Extended Carbon-Emission Accounting (ECEA) method is proposed by referring Extended Energy Accounting method in this paper. The extended carbon dioxide emissions factors of labor and capital are proposed to calculate based on the basic CDE per capita, total population, annual working hours, intermediate money M₂ and the total wage S, etc. The extended carbon dioxide emissions (Ex-CDE) of a manufacturing process can be calculated through these factors. By using the ECEA method, a case of comparatively analyzing on a sheet metal part's cutting process is studied. The result shows ECEA method accounts these production factors in a uniform unit, which is suitable as a basis for judging the sustainability of manufacturing processes and it can help to avoid miscalculation of the best environmental benefits for labor-intensive and capital-intensive manufacturing industries.
- carbon emissions /
- labor /
- capital /
- extended /
- accounting

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图 1 典型机械制造过程要素分析

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图 2 梅花形板件切割加工

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图 3 制造过程要素Ex-CDE占比分析

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表 1 中国的ec_L和α

总人口	城镇就业人口	乡村就业人口	N_wh/h	C_Used/(kgCO₂e)	C_Total/(kgCO₂e)	ec_L/(kgCO₂e/h)	α
1.375×10⁹	5.042×10⁸	2.703×10⁸	1.284×10¹²	4.990×10¹²	1.047×10¹³	3.887	0.477

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表 2 2015年中国的ec_K和β

M₂/元	S/元	N_wh/h	C_Used/(kgCO₂e)	ec_K/(kgCO₂e/元)	β
1.3920×10¹⁴	1.1201×10¹³	1.284×10¹²	4.990×10¹²	0.446	11.428

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表 3 机床与加工方案相关信息

名称	激光加工	线切割	数控铣削
机床型号	MK-3015F-2000W	DK7740B	XKA715
机床厂家	深圳美克	中兴数控机床厂	上海第三机床厂
机床占地面积	20 m²	3 m²	10 m²
机床价格	1, 080, 000元	27, 000元	112, 000元
切削速度	1 000 mm/min	100 mm²/min	60 mm/min(a_p=5 mm, S=1 000 r/min)
切缝	0.2 mm	0.2 mm
切削时间	0.73 min	73.9 min	11.2 min
工序总耗时^a	2 min	80 min	15 min
平均功率	8.1 kW	1.0 kW	4.2 kW
耗材	氧气、透镜、割嘴	钼丝、电解液	2刃Φ16立铣刀、切削液
环境净化设备^b	--	--	--
a按每个工人照看1台机床时; b本文中按每个人照看3台线切割计算。

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表 4 单件零件制造要素及其计量

要素	项目	激光加工^a	线切割	数控铣削
L	工时/h	0.033	1.333^a, 0.444^b	0.250
K	厂房/元	0.130	1.195	0.538
	机器成本/元	1.716	1.733	1.348
M	产品性原材料/kg	6.29	6.29	6.29
M	耗材/元	0.222	1.332	1.300
E	电能/kWh	0.094	1.232	0.784
O	废弃处理	--	--	--
P	零件产品/kg	3.471	3.471	3.471
P	副产品/kg	2.546	2.546	1.693
E_ff	气化或铁屑/kg	0.012	0.012	0.865
E_ff	废液排放^b/L	--	0.1	0.32
注：a以批量加工300件为例计算单件时间(加工时间+准备时间), 在激光加工机床上一次加工多块料; 线切割包含打孔时间; 铣床上使用专用夹具定位; b本文中未考虑环境净化设备。

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表 5 制造过程各要素的碳排放因子

要素	L	K	M	E	P	E_ff
类型	ec_L	ec_K	钢材	电能	钢材	铁屑	废液
单位	kgCO₂e/h	kgCO₂e/元	kgCO₂e/kg	kgCO₂e/kWh	kgCO₂e/kg	kgCO₂e/kg	kgCO₂e/L
数值	3.887	0.446	2.69	0.70285	2.69	0.361	0.2

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表 6 各工艺方案碳排放计算结果(kgCO₂e)

方案	L	K+M(2)	M(1)-P	E	E_ff	CDE	Ex-CDE
激光加工	0.128	0.922	0.734	0.066	0.004	0.804	1.854
线切割	1.726	1.900	0.734	0.866	0.024	1.624	5.250
数控铣削	0.972	1.421	3.029	0.551	0.376	3.956	6.349

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表 7 加工方案的成本分析

元
方案	L	K+M(2)	M(1)-P	E	E_ff	C
激光加工	0.66	2.07	1.37	0.10	--	4.19
线切割	8.88	4.26	1.37	1.27	--	15.77
数控铣削	5.00	3.19	5.63	0.81	--	14.62

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